共置卫星轨道及星间距确定

共置卫星的遥测遥控，离不开对其每一卫星的轨道及星间距的确定。本文通过地面站顺序测量确定和交替测量确定两种方法来完成三颗共置卫星的轨道参数及星间距的确定。     

A simplified approach to uncertainty quantification for orbits in impulsive deflection scenarios

For the majority of near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) impact scenarios, optimal deflection strategies use a massive impactor or a nuclear explosive, either of which produce an impulsive change to the orbit of the object. However, uncertainties regarding the object composition and the efficiency of the deflection event lead to a non-negligible uncertainty in the deflection delta-velocity. Propagating this uncertainty through the resulting orbit will create a positional uncertainty envelope at the original impact epoch. We calculate a simplified analytic evolution for impulsively deflected NEAs and perform a full propagation of uncertainties that is nonlinear in the deflection delta-velocity vector. This provides an understanding of both the optimal deflection velocities needed for a given scenario, as well as the resulting positional uncertainty and corresponding residual impact probability. Confidence of a successful deflection attempt as a function of launch opportunities is also discussed for a specific case.     

一种基于小波变换的伪码跟踪环路多径抑制方法

多径效应是GPS等卫星导航系统的重要误差源之一,严重影响导航系统的性能。针对多径效应,在分析了多径信号模型和伪码自相关函数特征的基础上,提出了一种基于小波变换的多径抑制方法。该方法利用自相关函数曲线斜率突变点位置不受多径信号影响的特性,通过小波变换检测其斜率突变点位置,进而利用得到的鉴相误差调整码相位,达到多径抑制的目的。仿真结果表明,该方法不受多径条数的影响,鉴相结果更准确,多径抑制能力得到显著提高。
     

大气边界层风速竖向相干函数实验研究

采用尖劈、格栅和粗糙元组合的被动湍流发生装置在TJ-2风洞中模拟了大气边界层流场,测量了模拟流场的平均风速剖面,湍流度剖面,湍流积分尺度和脉动风速功率谱等风场特性参数,重点分析了风速的竖向空间相干曲线。针对风速竖向空间相干曲线存在低频“掉头”的现象,给出了修正的指数衰减函数来进行拟合,完善了用传统的简化指数衰减函数来进行拟合时在低频处的不足,结果表明：笔者给出的风速竖向空间相干函数拟合效果更好。     

自由落体下落速度振荡现象的研究

为了研究自由下落物体的速度震荡现象,基于相对运动原理,应用立式风洞研究了5种典型形状的物体在上升气流中的悬浮特性。模型包括球形、正方体、长方体、短圆柱体和碟形等刚体。风速的平均值由皮托管风速计测得,同时通过CCD相机记录了物体达到悬浮状态前后的运动状态并进行了定量分析。实验结果表明:对称性较好的物体具有较稳定的悬浮特性;而非对称性物体,由于不同姿态角下的阻力系数和扭矩系数不同,很难维持一个稳定的悬浮状态,将伴随姿态的变化不断发生振荡运动。从而说明,空间形体对称的物体自由下落过程中可以达到较稳定的最大下落速度,而形体非对称的物体则难以达到确定的最大速度。除实验研究之外,还采用动态网格数值模拟手段计算了二维方形模型下落过程中的姿态角及运动轨迹,同时得到模型不同姿态角下的阻力和扭矩,计算结果也进一步解释了物体下落速度会发生振荡的原因。     

The first results from the Herschel-HIFI mission

This paper contains a summary of the results from the first years of observations with the HIFI instrument onboard ESA’s Herschel space observatory. The paper starts by outlining the goals and possibilities of far-infrared and submillimeter astronomy, the limitations of the Earth’s atmosphere, and the scientific scope of the Herschel-HIFI mission. The presentation of science results from the mission follows the life cycle of gas in galaxies as grouped into five themes: Structure of the interstellar medium, First steps in interstellar chemistry, Formation of stars and planets, Solar system results and Evolved stellar envelopes. The HIFI observations paint a picture where the interstellar medium in galaxies has a mixed, rather than a layered structure; the same conclusion may hold for protoplanetary disks. In addition, the HIFI data show that exchange of matter between comets and asteroids with planets and moons plays a large role. The paper concludes with an outlook to future instrumentation in the far-infrared and submillimeter wavelength ranges.     

火星全球导航卫星系统

讨论了建立类地行星全球导航定位系统的意义,并对火星全球导航卫星系统星座的布构型进行了初步分析设计.对不同导航星座的覆盖特性与导航定位性能进行了评估,给出了最佳星座设计,它可以作为将来建立火星导航卫星系统的星座设计参考.     

Modified unscented Kalman filtering and its application in autonomous satellite navigation

In this paper, a modified unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for nonlinear stochastic systems is proposed, and it is applied to autonomous orbit determination for Earth satellites. Based on some standard results about the boundedness of stochastic processes and a new formulation of the unscented transformation (UT), it is demonstrated that the design of the noise covariance matrix plays an important role in enhancing the filter stability. Furthermore, a particular design of the noise covariance matrix is proposed as a modification of the UKF. The modified UKF is less sensitive to the initial error than the usual one. High performance of the modified UKF is illustrated in comparison with the usual one by using the real data obtained from an Earth sensor.     

Formation and Evolution of Titan’s Atmosphere

The origin and evolution of Titan’s enigmatic atmosphere is reviewed. Starting with the present-day volatile inventory, the question of what was the original composition on Titan and how a satellite of similar size to other Galilean moons managed to acquire and hold on to the required material is discussed. In particular the possible sources and sinks of the main mother molecules (nitrogen, methane and oxygen) are investigated in view of the most recent models and laboratory experiments. The answers expected to be provided by the instruments aboard the Cassini-Huygens mission to some of the most prominent current questions regarding Titan’s atmosphere are defined.     

International verification arrangements : Choosing the right approach

A proposal for an international satellite monitoring agency (ISMA) to verify arms control agreements was first made by France in 1978, and has been received enthusiastically, although not by the superpowers. The technologies available for verification are proliferating, and many countries feel they can make a useful contribution. The authors examine the impact an ISMA would actually have on international security and arms control, and propose several alternative avenues for international participation in verification.